Here's some Atomic Structure Notes - feel free to add and improve
Atomic Structure:
• PERIODIC TABLE - left is metals, top right corner is non-metals and line from boron to polonium are semi-metals
• ELEMENTS - are a group of the same type of atoms
- substance that cannot be separated into smaller components
• COMPOUNDS - are formed when two or more types of atoms chemically bond together
• ELECTRONS - are added or removed when two atoms join together
- have a negative charge
- the number of electrons is equal to the atomic number
• PROTONS - have a positive charge
- the number of protons is equal to the atomic number
• NEUTRONS - have a neutral charge
- the number of neutron equals the atomic mass minus the number of protons (which is equal to the atomic number)
• ATOMS - have the same number of protons and electrons - have no charge
• IONS - have a different number of protons and electrons - are charged
- they are positively charged when they have lost one or more electrons
- they are negatively charged when they gain one or more electrons
• ORBITALS - in an atom there are 2 electrons in the first orbital and 8 electrons in the 2nd and 3rd
• PICOMETRE - is the measurement used to measure atoms
- equals one million-millionth of a metre
• DENSITY - equals mass divided by volume
- measured in g/mL
• RADIATION - is the stream of particles or electromagnetic waves emitted by atom or molecules of a radioactive substance as a result of radioactive decay.
• ALPHA PARTICLES - contain 2 protons and 2 neutrons - they are indistinguishable from a helium atom
• BETA PARTICES - are a high speed electron or positron (same as an electron but has a positive charge) - releases an electron and a lot of energy
• GAMMA PARTICES - electro-magnetic radiation release during radioactive decay - has very short wave length so can pass through thick things very easily
• HALF LIFE is the measurement of time that it takes for half of any given radioactive substance to decay
• ISOTOPE - is an atom with different number of neutrons to what would be normal - usually makes it heavier making it more radioactive
• RADIOISOTOPES - are isotopes that emit radiation when the nucleus decays
- Are used in medicine because they an be detected by a Geiger counter and can tell doctors information about organs
- Are used industrially by bombarding silicon atoms with radiation and one in a billion silicon atoms become microprocessors which can be used in electronic devices
• NUCLEAR WASTE - nuclear waste has the ability to alter DNA which can cause diseases such as cancer
• MICROBE - an organism that is microscopic
[! I really want to add a diagram]
Compounds:
• There are two types of compounds - ionic and molecular
• Ionic compound is a combination of a metal and non-metal
• Molecular is two non-metals
• MOLECULE - the smallest amount of a specific substance that can exist alone
